![]() ![]() Apart from theoretical writings, little work has been done on the empirics of reshoring and its correlation with robotization. This paper addresses reshoring impacting Hungary (backshoring from Hungary and nearshoring to Hungary from Far-Eastern countries). Advanced robotics increasingly allows the substitution of labour, thus a wave of reshoring can take place from low-cost labour-intensive countries to developed countries that previously exported capital and technology. ![]() This can be highly relevant for CEE countries, given their high-levels of integration into global production chains. Automation and robotization (parts of the ‘Industry 4.0’ concept) can provide a push in the global production chain for various forms of ‘shoring’. higher-than-expected labour or transport costs, strategic decision-making, insufficient product quality). This paper clarifies the definition of reshoring, backshoring and nearshoring, while enumerating the possible motivations for them (eg. The paper is intended as a reference for policymakers grappling with questions of which strategies to pursue on the path towards I4.0.Īfter the 2008 crisis, the topic of reshoring previously outsourced production was raised in the EU and the USA, in parallel to reindustrialization and competitiveness discourses. There is significant room for further research and policy experimentation, and role models have yet to emerge. Building on evidence from middle-income countries, this paper shows that policy responses have generally remained at the trial stage and are insufficiently articulated with long-term national development strategies. ![]() Because industrialization remains a cornerstone of the long-term development aspirations of numerous developing countries, this paper addresses the following overarching questions: Are developing countries getting ready for Industry 4.0? How are they preparing? Can any lessons be gleaned from existing policy efforts around Industry 4.0? While acknowledging the buzz around Industry 4.0, the paper invites moderation in the analysis of the trends associated with it. The Fourth Industrial Revolution-or Industry 4.0-is expected to radically transform manufacturing as a driver of global development. The German experience underscores the relevance yet again of multi-stakeholder coordination and collaboration as the foundation for the design and implementation of coevolving innovation and industrial policies. ![]() The evidence, albeit sparse, suggests that Germany’s I4.0 strategy can best be described as policy experimentation and as a learning process integrating a complex mix of innovation, industrial, research and other related policies. This paper discusses the policy processes, actors involved-as well as their roles and interactions over time-and the type of instruments Germany has implemented in its quest for I4.0. Followers, peers and potential competitors need to objectively appraise the efforts Germany has made and its sheer commitment of resources over the last few years to become both a leading supplier and the most important market for I4.0-related technologies, products and services. While many countries seek to emulate Germany’s approach to I4.0, few possess a comparable foundation of accumulated technological and manufacturing capabilities. Industrie 4.0 lies at the core of Germany’s efforts to sustain its global leadership in innovation and manufacturing. ![]()
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